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Map 3. Who were the Hittites? The Law Code Stele of King Hammurabi. An empire is a political construct in which one state dominates over another state, or a series of states. ), Babylon (2200 to 1600 B.C. The Neo-Assyrian Empire succeeded the Middle Assyrian period (14th to 10th century BC). Their empire was created in 1114 BCE by Tiglath-Pileser, and their empire saw more expansion in the 800s BCE under Shalmaneser III. The neo-Assyrian Empire The final, and perhaps strongest, of the Assyrian Empires ruled from 744 BC to 612 BC. The city itself, Babylon, positioned itself as a center of pivotal historical developments for centuries.There were 3 major Babylonian Dynasties: Amorite, Kassite, and Chaldean. Scholars even have used the term 'Aramaization' for the Assyro-Babylonian peoples' languages and cultures, that have become Aramaic-speaking. The ancient Near East, as the home of the world’s earliest empires and scripts, offers a unique dataset for understanding these dynamics. These leaders built the empire into one of the most powerful empires in the world. It lasted from the first settlement of Eridu in the Ubaid period (late 6th millennium BC) through the Uruk period (4th millennium BC) and the Dynastic periods (3rd millennium BC) until the rise of Assyria and Babylon in the late 3rd millennium BC and early 2nd millennium BC respectively. Luwian speakers gradually spread through Anatolia and became a contributing factor to the downfall, after c. 1180 BC, of the Hittite Empire, where it was already widely spoken. In the classical period, the land was a part of Armenia. The name is first attested in the second millennium BC, and is also spelled Išuwa. The Ancient Middle East. The rich, fertile lands of Mesopotamia housed some of the oldest sedentary civilizations. ), Hittite (1600 to 1200 B.C.) According to I.M. The Hurrians played a substantial part in the history of the Hittites. Theses satrapies were required to pay taxes and provide men for the empire’s armies and, in return, were supposed to enjoy the protection and affluence of the empire as a whole. The Hurrians lived in northern Mesopotamia and areas to the immediate east and west, beginning approximately 2500 BC. You will also need to identify these cities on a map of the larger region (See the maps below): Ur was an ancient city in southern Mesopotamia. The Achaemenid Empire was the first Persian Empires and one of the largest empires ever in history. Its biggest rival was Qatna further south. Sharing the Gospel with Friends: A Group Approach, How the Bible Came to Be: Part 4, The Canon Becomes an Unread Relic, Five Empires of the Ancient Near East: A Historical Backdrop of 1 Kings to Matthew, The Confederate Officer and “That Mormon Girl”: A Nineteenth-Century Romance, Mirthright: Enduring to the End (of the Row), The Microfilm Mission of Archibald F. Bennett, Women Meet at BYU “For Such a Time As This”, “Five Empires of the Ancient Near East: A Historical Backdrop of 1 Kings to Matthew,” Ensign, Apr. since the Medes were closely related to the Persians (both were Indo-European speakers who had migrated into the Near East together, perhaps around 1000 B.C.E. These complementary lecture series bring together… During the period, states became increasingly large, until the region became controlled by militaristic empires that had conquered a number of different cultures. The Elamites continued to exercise control over what is now southern Iran, while new peoples—notably the Medes and the Persians—were moving into the northern and central parts of that territory. Middle Eastern empires have existed in the Middle East at various periods between 3000 BC and 1924 AD; they have been instrumental in the spreading of ideas, technology, and religions within Middle Eastern territories and to outlying territories. USE THIS SPACE to introduce your timeline. Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of Somali maritime enterprise were strengthened or re-established, and foreign trade and commerce in the coastal provinces flourished, with ships sailing to and coming from many kingdoms and empires in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, the Near East, North Africa, and East Africa. Political Institutions In Ancient Egypt and the Ancient Near East For most of its long history, Egyptian government was led by the Pharaoh, a semi-divine king who was assisted by a vizier and an army of bureaucrats. The successor states that emerged were, at least initially, dominant forces, and this 300 year period is often referred to as the Hellenistic period. Map 5. The high antiquity of civilization in the Middle East is largely due to the existence of convenient land bridges and easy sea lanes passable in summer or winter, in dry or wet seasons. Did you know? At one time the Hittites were one of three superpowers in the ancient world. Up Next. The history of Central Asia concerns the history of the various peoples that have inhabited Central Asia. As noted by Gardiner V.1 p.196, other texts have. Few literate sources from within Ishuwa have been discovered and the primary source material comes from Hittite texts. Source: James, E.O. Not always a target for invasion itself, the land and its people were often the victims of armies passing through, marching in pursuit of the riches of Egypt. This is the currently selected item. The peoples of the region waged war for three main reasons. During the years when the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah were overshadowed by Assyrian rule, there were many revolts. The Hittite king Hattusili I (c. 1600 BC) is reported to have marched his army across the Euphrates river and destroyed the cities there. Ancient Middle East, history of the region from prehistoric times to the rise of civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and other areas.. Evolution of Middle Eastern civilizations. The Roman Empire in the east at the time of Christ. Ancient Manners and Customs, Daily Life, Cultures, Bible Lands. humane treatment of prisoners . Beginning with the campaign of Adad-nirari II, it became a vast empire, overthrowing 25th dynasty Egypt and conquering Egypt, the Middle East, and large swaths of Asia Minor, ancient Iran, the Caucasus and east Mediterranean. Ancient Persians were also known for their metalwork. (2004). The Levant is the large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Map of Ancient Near East Empires. A substantial Hurrian population also settled in the kingdom, and the Hurrian culture influenced the area. The name corresponds to the Biblical Ararat. The distinction began during the Crimean War. But he was never fully accepted as such in the area controlled by the Medes or in Egypt. They brought the Amorite dynasty of the Old Babylonian empire to ruin about 1600 b.c.e. Societal collapse at the close of the Bronze Age was non uniform across space and time. The Ancient Gods: The History and Diffusion of Religion in the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean. Western Civilization > The Ancient Near East : Peoples and Empires > Flashcards Flashcards in The Ancient Near East : Peoples and Empires Deck (35) ← Previous 1 2 Next → Loading flashcards... 1 The Hebrew prophets : were considered by the Hebrews to be the voice of Yahweh. Cuneiform Tablets. You should be able to identify the following centers of power on a map. Although societies at the center of world systems bore the brunt of the upheaval, they were also the first to rebound in the following era, most likely because they were situated in food-producing regions that straddled important arteries of trade. Luwian is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. 1982, 49, A Historical Backdrop of 1 Kings to Matthew. Since then the Middle East has seen many upheavals, particularly in Mesopotamia and surrounding regions. Shortly after, they were to share the stage with Middle East, which came to prevail in the 20th century and continues in modern times. What songs are our children learning in Primary? The eastern borders of Alexander’s empire began to collapse during his lifetime. The Proto-Elamite script is an Early Bronze Age writing system briefly in use for the ancient Elamite language (which was a Language isolate) before the introduction of Elamite Cuneiform. In modern times this region includes the countries of Israel/Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Iraq and western Iran. Ancient iron production, During the Early Iron Age, from 911 BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire arose, vying with Babylonia and other lesser powers for dominance of the region, though not until the reforms of Tiglath-Pileser III in the 8th century BC,[17][18] did it become a powerful and vast empire. — (society of Biblical literature ancient near east monographs ; volume 7) includes index. The decline of the settlements and culture in Ishuwa from the 7th century BC until the Roman period was probably caused by this movement of people. In this project, you will be creating a timeline to demonstrate your knowledge of the Early Empires in the Ancient Near East. Civilizations In the Near East. The movement of nomadic people may have weakened the kingdom of Malatya before the final Assyrian invasion. Consequently, warring armies criss-crossed the land, including Palestine, and the Maccabean rebellion arose—until, in 66–63 B.C., the Roman Pompey conquered much of the Near East. Lewis, the polity was governed by local dynasties consisting of Somalized Arabs or Arabized Somalis, who also ruled over the Sultanate of Mogadishu in the Benadir region to the south. These early religions would contribute to lesser and greater degrees to the Greeks whose pantheon of gods would spread to the Western world under new names during the expansion of the Roman Empire. This set the stage for that which was to follow: in all the ancient world of ever-larger empires in succession, there would be no empire covering more territory than that of Rome, and never would there be more commerce and contact among the nations of the Old World. [4] Named after the Sumerian city of Uruk, this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia. The Ancient Near East or Ancient East is the term used to denote the areas of Western Asia and North East Africa where the civilizations arose before the classic Greco-Roman civilizations in the area currently called the Near East or Middle East. Many religions of the ancient near East and their offshoots can be traced to Proto-Semitic religion. but it is often called the Achaemanid empire after the name of the name of the dynasty to which he belonged. However, I would imagine the ancient Mediterranean and Near East empires (from the Sumerians down to Ancient Rome) would have caused much more environmental change, given the extent of their domestication and agricultural development, commerce and the materials needed to sustain empire-building itself. Egypt. ruled over the Hittite Kingdom during its heyday and is depicted here on a rock carving from the Hittites’ sacred open-air shrine at Yazilikaya, less than a mile from the Hittite capital of Hattusa in present-day Turkey. The Sumerians, considered by many to be the oldest civilization (at 5000 BC), contributed to later societies with several important innovations such as writing, boats, and the wheel. It also covered an expansive period of time, all the way fr… Ancient Near East. The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran, northeastern Syria and Kuwait),[1] ancient Egypt, ancient Iran (Elam, Media, Parthia and Persia), Anatolia/Asia Minor and the Armenian Highlands (Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Region, Armenia, northwestern Iran, southern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan),[2] the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and Jordan), Cyprus and the Arabian Peninsula. Babylonia and Assyria shared the region of Mesopotamia. Bordered on the west by the Great Sea (the Mediterranean) and on the east by the searing Arabian deserts, it lay directly on a virtual land bridge between Egypt and the lands of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. It stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian desert. The history of the ancient Near East begins with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC, though the date it ends varies. They probably originated in the Caucasus and entered from the north, but this is not certain. The greatest international sea traders of the ancient Near East were the. [23] They believed that divine action influenced all mundane matters, and also believed in divination (ability to predict the future). Democracy's Ancient Ancestors by Daniel E. Fleming Democracy's Ancient Ancestors examines the political landscape of the ancient Near East through the archive of over 3000 letters found in the royal palace of Mari. [13] Although some scholars believe that they "invaded" Cyprus, Hatti and the Levant, this hypothesis is disputed.[14]. In the Middle Assyrian period of the Late Bronze Age, Assyria had been a kingdom of northern Mesopotamia (modern-day northern Iraq), competing for dominance with its southern Mesopotamian rival Babylonia. Haran was located at the northernmost end on the fertile crescent. The term Near East was used by the first modern Western geographers to refer to the nearer part of the Orient, a region roughly coextensive with the Ottoman Empire. The phrase "ancient Near East" denotes the 19th-century distinction between Near East and Far East as global regions of interest to the British Empire. [23] Omens were often inscribed in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, as were records of major events. Ishuwa was an ancient kingdom in Anatolia. Sumer, located in southern Mesopotamia, is the earliest known civilization in the world. Yamhad was an ancient Amorite kingdom. Their known homeland was centred on Subartu, the Khabur River valley, and later they established themselves as rulers of small kingdoms throughout northern Mesopotamia and Syria. Line 52. The ancient Near East is considered[3] one of the cradles of civilization. The centre of the kingdom was the city of Kummanni, situated in the highlands. Hawkins, John David; 1982a. Some have gone so far as to call the catalyst that ended the Bronze Age a "catastrophe". This was the achievement of king Sargon of Akkad, in Mesopotamia, in the late 3rd millennium BC.. Terms in this set (11) empire. Nebuchadnezzar thought of himself as king of the world, controlling all of Mesopotamia and Syro-Palestine. [citation needed] It is noted in western history as the foe of the Greek city states in the Greco-Persian Wars, for freeing the Israelites from their Babylonian captivity, and for instituting Aramaic as the empire's official language. [19] During this period, Aramaic was also made an official language of the empire, alongside the Akkadian language. Early Empires in the Ancient Near East. Flashcards. The Ancient Near East. Sort by: Top Voted. The 19th-century archaeologists added Iran to their definition, which was never under the Ottomans, but they excluded all of Europe and, generally, Egypt, which had parts in the empire. [8], The Sea peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty, and especially during Year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty. It was located in what is now northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey, and it emerged as an independent state in the 14th century BCE. In archaeological terms, this corresponds to the late Banesh period. Choose from 500 different sets of near east empires history flashcards on Quizlet. Assassinated in 337 B.C., he was succeeded by his young son Alexander, who in 334 B.C. - Newsletter. Subsequently, the Medes controlled much of the ancient Near East from their base in Ecbatana (modern-day Hamadan, Iran), most notably most of what is now Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and the South Caucasus. . The gradual end of the Dark Age that ensued saw the rise of settled Neo-Hittite and Aramaean kingdoms of the mid-10th century BC, and the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Then, in 555 B.C., the Persian king Cyrus the Great united the Persians and the Medes; and over the years, as his strength and reputation grew, he expanded his empire until finally, in 539 B.C., he took Babylon in a bloodless coup and established Persia as the dominant force in the Near East. [6] They ultimately settled in Mesopotamia, ruling Isin, Larsa, and later Babylon. As civilizations rose and fell, new empires were born making the Ancient Near East an unending battleground. The cradle of civilization. The spread to Syria of a distinct pottery type associated with the Kura-Araxes culture has been connected with this movement, although its date is somewhat too early. That finally changed in 627 BC with the death of the last strong Assyrian ruler, Ashurbanipal, and Babylonia rebelled under Nabopolassar the Chaldean a few years later. All of the following helped make Assyria an efficient military machine except for. 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