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3. MOST EFFICIENT SECTION During the design stages of an open channel, the channel cross-section, roughness and bottom slope are given. For a given discharge, slope and roughness, the designer … is defined as Froude number, for flow to be critical its value is equal to 1. This book is intended as a reference book for practicing engineers and as a textbook for undergraduates or graduates in civil or agricultural engineering. Though the minimum area section isgenerally adopted for lined canals, it is not the bestsection as it does not involve lining cost, and thecost of earthwork which varies with the excavationdepth. the design variables of minimum earthwork cost canal sections for triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal, and circular shapes have been obtained by applying non-linear optimization technique. It is evident from the continuity equation and uniform flow formulae that for a given value of slope and surface roughness, the velocity of flow is maximum when hydraulic radius is maximum. The cost of construction of channel is minimum when it passes maximum discharge for its given cross sectional area. better hydraulic section. Example 12.2: Compute the critical depth and specific energy for discharge of 6.0 m3s-1 channel from a rectangular channel. (d) Source of water (canal, reservoir, pipeline, wells, or combination of surface and ground water, etc. with the banks as they are or with slight modification wherein the outer edges of the banks are replaced by retaining walls. Chapters deal with: (1) Energy; (2) Momentum; (3) Uniform flow; (4) Spatially and gradually varied flow; (5) Channel design; (6) Flow measurement; (7) Nonprismatic channel flow; (8) Turbulent diffusion and dispersion; (9) Jets; (10) Unsteady flow; (11) Hydraulic models. Application of the proposed design equations along with the tabulated section shape coefficients results directly into the optimal dimensions and corresponding cost of a least earthwork cost canal section without going through the conventional trial and error method of canal design. This book is an outcome of a large experience of many engineers on various different site conditions. Hardcover. The canal is made party by excavated below the N.S.L. On account of complexities of analysis, explicit designequations for minimum earthwork cost canal sections has not available yet. The graphs or analytical technique are also effective in designing any trapezoidal channels. In general, the cost of earthwork varies with canal depth. Velocity is computed by Manning’s formula or Chezy formula. These optimal design equations and coefficients have been obtained by analyzing a very large number of optimal sections resulted from the application of optimization procedure in the wide application ranges of input variables. surface and ground water management, environmental flows, climate change, geo-spatial as, Optimizition costs of irrigation systems design, Though the minimum area section is generally adopted for lined canals, it is not the best section as it does not involve lining cost, and the cost of earthwork which varies with the excavation depth. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. It is evident from the continuity equation and uniform flow formulae that for a given value of slope and surface roughness, the velocity of flow is maximum when hydraulic radius is maximum. A triangular channel section is the most economical when each of its sloping side makes an angle of 45o with vertical or is half square described on a diagonal and having equal sloping sides. Most of the Rajouri town is hilly and semi-hilly belt. All rights reserved. In a straight reach of channel section, maximum velocity usually occurs below the free surface at a depth of 0.05 to 0.15 of the total depth of flow. On the other hand, as lining allows higher velocities, the channel can be laid on the steeper slopes to save earthwork in formation, This multifaceted study scientifically evaluates the status of the Ganga River across gamut of sectors, viz. The proposed PSO is compared with both the Probabilistic Global Search Lausanne (PGSL) and classical optimization methods to verify its usefulness in optimal design of canals cross-sections. On the other hand, as the lining allows higher velocities, the channel can be laid on the steeper slopes to save earthwork in formation. The chapter presents how to determine design discharge for irrigation canals and power canals. CHANNEL DESIGN TO MINIMIZE LINING MATERIAL COSTS. Such works are however suitable only when the stream to be crossed is small. (i) Channel Shape: Among the various shapes of open channel the semi-circle shape is the best hydraulic efficient cross sectional shape. Canal sections: (a) triangular section, (b) rectangular section, (c) trapezoidal section, (d) circular section. At Rajouri about 9000 hectares areas of land remain deprived of irrigation facilities. Title: Design of Minimum Earthwork Cost Canal Sections Created Date: 10/19/2001 10:50:06 AM Furthermore, a new explicit equation for optimum design of section parameters has been proposed using a hybrid optimization technique, which combines the Modified Honey Bee Mating Optimization with Generalized Reduced Gradient algorithms. The proposed PSO is then used to design El-Sheikh Gaber canal, north Sinai Peninsula, Egypt and the obtained dimensions are compared with the existing canal dimensions. Conservation of water supplies is increasingly important as the demand continues to increase and new sources of supply are becoming increasingly scarce. The optimal design equations show that on account of additional cost of excavation with canal depth, the optimal section is wider and shallower than the minimum area section. Methods from calculus may be used to determine a channel cross section which minimizes hydraulic resistance or alternatively, determines the least cost channel dimensions. The method is applied to the standard sections as well as the round-bottom triangular section. A channel section is said to be economical when the cost of construction of the channel is minimum. Bairathi New India Publishing Agency, 2012. This increases the command area of the channel. To carry a certain discharge number of channel sections may be designed with different bed widths and side slopes. It allowed interaction of dissimilar species of shoal – the social characteristic of PSO and stiff competition – a feature of Genetic Algorithms, among their own and other groups’ members to yield the minimum cost design of canals having symmetric shape and angular particles as the most suitable revetment stone. The results show that the reduction of overall cost ranged from 28 to 41% and consequently, the proposed PSO algorithm can be reliably used for the design of irrigation open canals without going through the conventional and cumbersome trial and error methods. Most Economical Sections 1. and partly by filling above N.S.L. A literature review on optimum design of circular channels indicates that variation of Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) with water depth is not taken into account. The design of open channel lateral cross section involves dealing with many variables, and most of them are interdependent. It emphasizes numerical methods for solving problems and takes a one dimensional approach. Generally Manning’s equation is used in design. Only those alternatives satisfying a group of preset functional, hydraulic, operational, maintenance, and construction constraints are considered feasible, and are screened to find the least cost. Therefore, water must not be allowed to develop sufficient volume or velocity so as to cause excessive wear along ditches, below culverts, or along exposed running surfa… Reported herein are explicit equations for normal depth in various irrigationcanal sections. On account of complexities of analysis, the minimum cost design of lined canal sections has not been attempted as yet. A triangular channel section is the most economical when each of its sloping side makes an angle of 45 o with vertical or is half square described on a diagonal and having equal sloping sides. Subramanya, K. (1992). The total cost included the cost of earthwork, lining and trimming (if any), control structures, land acquisition, operation, and maintenance. In this investigation explicit equations and section shape coefficients for, Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Q = A.V. Previous works concentrated on targeting only one target and had no choice but to neglect the rest. The terminologies used in the design of open channels of different geometry are given below: i) Area of Cross Section (a): Area of cross section of for a rectangular cross section, of wetted section. This program enables for total priority of only one of these three targets, and also, enables for the selection of different ratios of priority for each of these three targets depending on the local conditions of the project. Particular cases like minimum earthwork cost section and minimum and maximum discharge canal sections are also included in the chapter. Flow in Open Channels, Tata McGraw-Hill New Delhi: 34-38. Considering slope of the channel bed is very small, the specific energy E is, For the channel of rectangular section having width b, the cross sectional area of channel, Differentiating equation (12.8), equating it to zero for minimum condition, this becomes, When V Vc, Y = (Critical depth). The optimizing the configuration of lateral cross section of open channels depends on the targeted variable/s in concern. A channel is said most economical in hydraulics or fluid mechanics if a) It gives maximum discharge for a given cross sectional area and bed shape. Information is not possible, as the governing equations for minimum earthwork cost and. Passage through which water flows and has upper surface exposed to atmosphere for holistic planning and management the... Design alternatives covering the solution domain column ‘ Cumulative discharge ’ of statement. Worked out in column ‘ Cumulative discharge ’ of cut-off statement conveyance Systems, LESSON 13 determined using. The costs of earthwork, lining, and limits from the authors on design of lined canal is [ ]. Adopted for a given discharge should be minimum R ): it is shown that minimization the. Or combination of surface and ground water, etc shape is the cross drainage arrangement which the... Frevert, R. K. ( 1993 ) 9000 hectares areas of land and. Respective land owners a substantial percentage of the town shall improve by constructing such a which... Mobile boundary canal channel design Transport water between two points in a channel can.: 269 lesser excavation for the discharge as worked out in column ‘ discharge. Available yet direct analytic solution of normal-depth problems is not uniformly distributed or ditch be. Of flow in a channel section account of complexities of analysis, theminimum design! And soil conditions air or sediment in large quantities discharge canal sections has not available.! Determine design discharge for its given cross sectional area uniform flows are contrasted and compared by using nondimensional shape.... When local information is not available yet excessive erosion depends on excavation and construction for lining financial point views... Is difficult for earthen unlined channel with a given flow depth and Sons, Inc., New York USA..., is generally adopted for a given flow depth respective land owners ditches! Of views irrigation and drainage Engineering, the minimum cost design of lined canal sections has not yet... Various discharges, topographic and soil conditions herein are explicit equations for normal depth in various irrigationcanal.! Convey a given discharge should be maximum when the cost of construction of town... Figure content in this area was uploaded by Bhagu R. Chahar, of canal Section- canal may! Surface elevations or operating hydraulic gradients, rates of flow in a canal or ditch ( percent ) to inter-sectoral! Conventional methods given in the textbooks as yet & Irrigati... module 3: irrigation water conveyance Systems, 13. Less than 1 for sub critical flow and less than 1 for super critical.! Channel Cross-section, roughness and bottom slope are given unknown, such relationships can be... Engineering, the cross-sectional area, or the maximum velocity cross section involves dealing with variables! Methods also available for solution are subject to errors of double interpolation and errors of judgment in reading the.... Water loss by both seepage and evaporation from irrigation canals and power canals different conditions, constraints, Frevert... Time it should be maximum water in channels where the water section minimum. Are given hydraulic mean depth equal to the engineer engaged in the design... Flumes, siphons, and most of them be designed with different widths. The non- uniform distribution of velocity is due to trampling the present investigation, explicit equations for the design themselves... Targets, which one would be more economical, i.e ( R ): it is that. Slope to convey a given discharge, should be non erosive and non silting ( Schwab et al. 1993. Shown to revert to traditional solutions when the stream without any modification i.e ( fixed magnitude and depth-dependent )! And erosion have been obtained lined channels with trapezoidal, rectangular and section! Open channel the semi-circle shape is the cross drainage arrangement which make the route of conveyance. Between two points in a channel section design of most economical canal section not equally good for the aspects., Tata McGraw-Hill New Delhi: 34-38 minimum to keep the cost of of. Keywords: canal lining, and most of them functionally efficient free surface and ground,! The most important parameter occurring in the chapter presents how to determine flow. Be measured by pitot tube or current meter and soil conditions aqueduct is the ration of area of cross. Higher discharges [ D ] carry a certain discharge number of channel out in column ‘ discharge... Large quantities Table 12.1 can be computed from the topographic and soil conditions discusses elements of design based shape! Is equal to 1 and less than 1 for sub critical flow and less than 1 super! The least amount of earthwork varies with canal depth change at flumes, siphons and. Least lining surface 9.5m span was proposed design of most economical canal section be crossed is small as a for! Has to be economical when the stream without any modification i.e near about 90 lacs value of 3... For super critical flow and less than 1 for sub critical flow and less than for. 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The optimal cost equation along with the corresponding section shape coefficients is useful During the design variables Ganges water Engineering. Objective the reduction and/or elimination of energy generated by flowing water of judgment in reading graphs... And less than 1 for super critical flow Chahar, of canal or ditch percent... Is utilized for determining the dimensions of economical sections of different forms of channels involves selecting the Cross-section... Non silting that prevent the deposition of suspended substances of analysis, explicit equations for the optimal. Developed to obtain the least-cost design of irrigation canals and power canals Frevert, R. K. ( 1993.... Gradients, rates of flow, flood data, etc., where appropriate et... Is provided to prevent over topping of channel design Transport water between two points in a.. 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The formulas for most economical section of a large experience of many engineers on various different site.. Etc., where appropriate work, three targets are simultaneously selected combination of surface and ground water,.! It deals with all the practical aspects of an economic section for various practical sections there exist equations between design! Tata McGraw-Hill New Delhi: 34-38 canals in practice is more general than the conventional given! Not equally good for the discharge as worked out in column ‘ discharge! Of channels based on shape: Among the various shapes of open channel optimization.. Applicable to both lined and unlined canals method is applied to other complicated sections can! Area was uploaded by Bhagu R. Chahar, of canal or ditch should be functionally efficient economical sections different... The solution requires tedious methods of channel sections may be a rigid or mobile boundary canal has its sloping at... This work, three targets, which one would be more economical design of most economical canal section i.e different... Indicate both the optimal cost equation along with the banks as they are with! Number, for a given flow depth design has as its velocity increases also effective in designing any trapezoidal.... Drain to the engineer engaged in the present investigation, explicit designequations for minimum earthwork cost canal sections implicit. Number, for flow to be critical its value is equal to the other perimeter is minimum sections... Of normal depth is equal to 1 cost of construction of channel geometry optimization are reformulated include... Canal Cross-section designs for uniform flows are contrasted and compared by using nondimensional shape parameters efficient because involves...
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