brassica juncea uses

10 Dec brassica juncea uses

Brassica juncea is also known as gai choi, siu gai choi, xaio jie cai, baby mustard, Chinese leaf mustard or mostaza. However, the NPR family genes in Brassica juncea var. Brassica species and varieties commonly used for food include broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, choy sum, rutabaga, turnip and some seeds used in the production of canola oil and the condiment mustard. Cultivars of B. juncea are grown for their greens, and for the production of oilseed. Perry, L.M. Medicinal. 1859; (Linnaeus) Cosson, Bull. (eds. Mustard is used as a food flavoring, for forage, as an emetic, and diuretic, as well as a topical treatment for inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and rheumatism. [12] The process of removing heavy metals ends when the plant is harvested and properly discarded. ), New sources of fats and oils. 8. Maity, P.K., Sengupta, A.K., and Jana, P.K. Effect of different sowing Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, In: Pryde, E.H., Princen, L.H., and Mukherjee, K.D. 3 vols. and oils. Mustard Greens (Brassica juncea variety rugosa) also known as Indian Mustard, Chinese Mustard and Leaf Mustard is a type of mustard plant with edible leaves, stem and seeds. Complete list of references for Duke, Handbook of Energy Crops. Mustard greens are a member of the Brassica family of plants and are sometimes referred to as simply mustard or as brown mustard, Chinese mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, mustard spinach,or white mustard. with more than 85,000 entries. It is a major oilseed crop and medicinal plant in South Asia and China. Pryde, E.H. and Doty, H.O., Jr. 1981. Brassica cernua var. Phytoremediation has been shown to be cheaper and easier than traditional methods for heavy metal reduction in soils. The flavor is zesty and Burkill, J.H. ex Trautv. 1980. B. juncea has two well-defined gene pools—Indian and east European. 1981. Harvested leaves can be stored in the fridge for 3-5 days. 1976. Brassica juncea var rugosa makes a pretty spot in the garden with its ornamental leaves. Computer index Pl. 1980. is currently grown in western Canada to produce condiment mustard and is considered to be better adapted to the hot, dry conditions of the southern prairies than the currently grown canola species, B. napus and B. rapa (Woods et al., 1991). 1981. Matsum. April sowings can be cut down in June, keeping the ground clear for summer-sown crops. Two different linkage maps of B. juncea, containing a large number of genotyping‐by‐sequencing markers were developed and used to anchor scaffolds/contigs to the 18 linkage groups of the species. Brassica besseriana Andrz. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brassica_juncea&oldid=988502443, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Attracts useful insects. It is summer-flowering, grows in sun, prefers regular water, and can be grown from seed in Zones 2-11. Brassica Species: juncea Family: Brassicaceae Uses (Ethnobotany): Seeds for essential oils Life Cycle: Annual Country Or Region Of Origin: Russia to central Asia Edibility: The leaves, seeds, flowers, and stems of this mustard variety are edible raw or cooked. The seed is used in the treatment of tumours in China. Brassica juncea, commonly brown mustard, Chinese mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, Oriental mustard and vegetable mustard, is a species of mustard plant. Handbook of Energy Crops. p. 255–268. Of the 37 species in the Brassica genus, the 4 most widely cultivated species for oilseed and vegetables are Brassica rapa L., B. juncea (L.) Czern. In Nepal it is also a common practice to cook these greens with meat of all sorts specially goat meat; which is normally prepared in a pressure cooker with minimal use of spices to focus on the flavour of the greens and dry chillies. [11], This article is about the plant. This process uses organisms like plants to treat or extract harmful chemicals from hazardous waste sites. In a 100-gram (3 1⁄2-ounce) reference serving, cooked mustard greens provide 110 kilojoules (26 kilocalories) of food energy and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value) of vitamins A, C, and K which is especially high as a multiple of its Daily Value. Many varieties of B. juncea cultivars are used, including zha cai, mizuna, takana (var. 5 out of 5 stars (441) 441 reviews. [5] Essential oil of mustard, however, is accepted as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe). Uses and Traditions – Brassica juncea seeds contain an alkaloid, synapine, and a glucoside, synigrin. p. 3–14. University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-2002 An investigation of the relationships between mineral nutrition It is a plant grown not only for the production of grain but also for use as green manure. The leaves, seeds, and stems of this mustard variety are edible. Bot. Title Oriental Vegetables Publication Author Larkcom J. Brassica juncea (especially the seeds) is more pungent than greens from the closely related Brassica oleracea (kale, broccoli, and collard greens), and is frequently mixed with these milder greens in a dish of "mixed greens". Basionym: Sinapis juncea Linnaeus 1753. Brassica cernua (Thunb.) (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. the research and development of B. napus and Brassica juncea for food and industrial use, other Brassicaceae relatives such as camelina, Brassica carinata, and Sinapis alba also show promise as potential HRJ feedstocks. 2 vols. For other uses, see. MIT Press, Other uses of Giant Red Mustard. and Wain, K.K. The resulting chromosome‐scale assembly of B. juncea Varuna is a significant improvement over the previous draft assembly of B. juncea Tumida, a vegetable type of … Species of rapeseed and Mixes wel with ornamental lettuce and edible flowers. Art Printing Works, Kuala Lumpur. F.B.Forbes & Hemsl. Seed residue is used as cattle feed and in fertilizers (Reed, 1976). tumida have not yet been comprehensively identified and analyzed as of yet. - 4 ft. 0 in. A form of Brassica juncea that has been selected in the Orient for its edible swollen stem[206. Reed, C.F. Mustard greens originated in the Himalayan region of India and have been consumed for more than 5,000 years. Brassica is the second largest oilseed crop after soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) AOCS Monograph 9. In the UK, mustard sown in summer and autumn is cut down starting in October. This mustard plant is used in phytoremediation to remove heavy metals, such as lead, from the soil in hazardous waste sites because it has a higher tolerance for these substances and stores the heavy metals in its cells. [5] But in Russia, this is the main species grown for the production of mustard oil. Brassica juncea is used in phytoremediation to remove heavy metals, such as lead, from the soil in hazardous waste sites because it has a higher tolerance for these substances and stores the heavy metals in its cells. Source: James A. Duke. [9], Cantonese-style braised mustard greens, with wolfberries. Vegetable growers sometimes grow mustard as a green manure. Brassica cernua (Thunb.) [11] In particular, Brassica juncea was particularly effective at removing cadmium from soil. 1983. Leung, A.Y. In Japanese cuisine, it is known as takana and often pickled for use as filling in onigiri or as a condiment. Knowles, P.F., Kearney, T.E., and Cohen, D.B. Publisher John Murray Year 1991 ISBN 0-7195-4781-4 Description Well written and very informative.]. Brassica juncea, commonly known as Chinese mustard, brown mustard, Indian mustard, or leaf mustard, is an annual herb that is native to southern and eastern Asia. (eds. Vegetables. mustard as oil crops in Califonrina. Leaves can be eaten fresh or cooked like spinach. How to Grow Mustard Greens (Brassica juncea) Mustard greens are a cool-season crop that are easy to grow. Greens are 92% water, 4.5% carbohydrates, 2.6% protein and 0.5% fat (table). Exposure to frost makes the leaves sweeter, and warm weather makes the leaves spicier. 9. Because it may contain erucic acid, a potential toxin, mustard oil is restricted from import as a vegetable oil into the United States. & Cosson, B. napus L., and B. carinata A. Braun. World fats and oils situation. Champaign, IL. OBM Genetics is an international Open Access journal published quarterly online by LIDSEN Publishing Inc. integrifolia), juk gai choy, and xuelihong. Coverage includes clinical, developmental, diagnostic, evolutionary, genomic, mitochondrial, molecular, oncological, population and reproductive aspects. Bees. How to Grow Mustard Greens (Brassica juncea) Leave a Comment. The leaf mustard is known as "bamboo mustard", "small gai choy", and "mustard cabbage". Brassica juncea Name Synonyms Brassica besseriana Andrz. This page was last edited on 13 November 2020, at 15:59. Brassica juncea is an important plant for phytoremediation. Brassica juncea, mustard greens, Indian mustard, Chinese mustard, Jie Cai (in Mandarin) or Kai Choi (in Cantonese), or leaf mustard is a species of mustard plant.. Subvarieties include southern giant curled mustard, which resembles a headless cabbage such as kale, but with a distinct horseradish-mustard flavor.It is also known as green mustard cabbage. Oil is also used for hair oil, lubricants and, in Russia, as a substitute for olive oil. Asian mustard greens are most often stir-fried or pickled. Duke, J.A. It involves stewing mustard greens with tamarind, dried chillies and leftover meat on the bone. In the present study, NPR genes in B. juncea var. AOCS Monograph [1], Brassica juncea cultivars can be divided into four major subgroups: integrifolia, juncea, napiformis, and tsatsai.[2]. These alternative crops have attributes that may make them more suitable as biofuel feedstock for a given agricultural region than Indian J. Agron. Brassica juncea (AABB) is an allotetraploid species containing genomes of B. rapa (AA) and B. nigra (BB). In Korea, the seeds are used in the treatment of abscesses, … Ornamental. Indian mustard. American Oil Chemists' Society. Derivatives of the mustard constituent allyl isothiocyanate form the basis for toxic agents such as mustard gases and antineoplastic drugs (eg, bendamustine). Medicinal plants of east and southeast Asia. ), New sources of fats 1966. Response of mustard variety & Denton, O.A. The plant prefers moist but drained soils. The plant is often cultivated, especially in the Orient, for its edible leaves and stem. Chinese and Japanese cuisines also make use of mustard greens. It has been cultivated for food in Europe and Asia for hundreds of years. [13] In addition, it has the effect of reducing soil erosion, reducing cross-site contamination. Brassica juncea has been distributed worldwide as a crop, and has escaped cultivation to become naturalized in fields, wasteland and roadsides as a weed. Reported to be anodyne, aperitif, diuretic, emetic, rubefacient, and stimulant, the plant is a folk remedy for arthritis, foot ache, lumbago, and rheumatism. "Detention Without Physical Examination of Expressed Mustard Oil", "Kai Choi - Your British Oriental Vegetable Grower", "Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: Progresses and perspectives". The mustard condiment made from the seeds of the B. juncea is called brown mustard and is considered to be spicier than yellow mustard.[4]. submitted to the USDA. Mustard Green Manures: Washington State University Extension paper on cover crops. Medicinal. Information summaries on 1000 economic plants. Adding 1.1–2.2% mustard oil to fresh apple cider retards fermentation. 1980. American Oil Chemists' Society. Brassica juncea L. (Mustard) Extract Silver NanoParticles and Knocking off Oxidative Stress, ProInflammatory Cytokine and Reverse DNA Genotoxicity Sohair Aly Hassan 1,*, Ali Mohamed El Hagrassi 2, Olfat Hammam 3, Abdelmohsen M. Soliman 1, Essam Ezzeldin 4 and Wessam Magdi Aziz 1 dates, spacings, and plant populations on yield of mustard. Hybrids between the two gene pools are heterotic for yield. drugs, and cosmetics. Grubben, G.J.H. Mustard Seed Print, Brassica Juncea, Botanical Illustration, Kitchen Art, Medicinal Plants, Poison Plants, MOBO15 JorJorDecor. Mustard Greens, Brassica juncea is Vitamin K and Vitamin A rich vegetable support to reduce Symptoms of Arthritis, Prevents Urinary Stones Trending Can Coronavirus Pandemic Change Indian Health Insurance Industry? Brassica juncea is a spontaneous species that can be grown by propagating it mainly by seed. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen. In particular, Schneider et al. unpublished. The seed is used in the treatment of tumours in China. L.H., and Mukherjee, K.D. Culinary. It accepts papers addressing basic and medical aspects of genetics and epigenetics and also ethical, legal and social issues. They tolerate a light frost and can be grown all winter in warmer climates. Its main purpose is to act as a mulch, covering the soil to suppress weeds between crops. found that Brassica juncea was particularly effective at removing cadmium from soil. Medicinal plants of the world. Brassica juncea . Typescripts New York. Time of Planting: Sow from early spring to late summer. If grown as a green manure, the mustard plants are cut down at the base when sufficiently grown, and left to wither on the surface, continuing to act as a mulch until the next crop is due for sowing, when the mustard is dug in. The plant appears in some form in African, Bangladeshi, Chinese, Italian, Indian, Japanese, Nepali, Pakistani, Korean, and African-American (soul food) cuisines. A dictionary of economic products of the Malay peninsula. [7] B. juncea subsp. Indian mustard, which has a high tolerance for heavy metals, is particularly adept at phytoremediation. It is usually eaten with relish and steamed rice, but can also be eaten with roti (griddle breads). The mustard plant produces deep purple-red leaves with green petiole. Dimensions: Height: 1 ft. 0 in. The leaves are used in African cooking,[6] and all plant parts are used in Nepali cuisine, particularly in the mountain regions of Nepal, as well as in the Punjabi cuisine in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, where a dish called sarson da saag (mustard greens) is prepared. 1859. The giant-leafed mustard, also known as "Japanese mustard", has purple-red savoy leaves with strong, sharp, peppery taste. This plant and the related entity italicized and indented above can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. France 6: 609. A paper showing the effectiveness of Brassica juncea in taking up heavy metals from polluted soils The plant can be used as bioremediator to reduce boron and selenium levels in contaminated soils[ 1519 Synonyms: Brassica juncea megarrhiza Family: Cruciferae Medicinal use of Root Mustard: Reported to be anodyne, aperitif, diuretic, emetic, rubefacient, and stimulant, the plant is a folk remedy for arthritis, foot ache, lumbago, and rheumatism. tatsai, which has a particularly thick stem, is used to make the Nepali pickle called achar, and the Chinese pickle zha cai. Edible. Brassica juncea is as edible, yellow-flowering plant grown as either an annual, biennial, or perennial depending upon the variety and the zone. Brassica juncea (especially the seeds) is more pungent than greens from the closely related Brassica oleracea (kale, broccoli, and collard greens),[8] and is frequently mixed with these milder greens in a dish of "mixed greens". Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. John Wiley & Sons. 25(3):526–527. Over 30 wild species and hybrids are in cultivation, plus numerous cultivars and hybrids of cultivated origin. Chinese and Japanese cuisines also make use of mustard greens. From shop JorJorDecor. in world oilseed production (FAO, 2010; Raymer, 2002). The Gorkhas of the Indian states of Darjeeling, West Bengal and Sikkim as well as Nepal prepare pork with mustard greens (also called rayo in Nepali). [10] One of the disadvantages of using mustard as a green manure is its propensity to harbor club root. Brassica juncea, commonly brown mustard, Chinese mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, Oriental mustard and vegetable mustard, is a species of mustard plant. In: Pryde, E.H., Princen, These leaves are slightly textured for a better bite and good holding power. Cambridge. It is native to Central Asia and Russia, and cultivated widely. Patel, J.R., Parmar, M.T., and Patel, J.C. 1980. A Southeast Asian dish called asam gai choy or kiam chai boey is often made with leftovers from a large meal. Synonyms: Brassica integrifolia, Brassica japonica, Brassica juncea japonica, Sinapis juncea Family: Cruciferae Medicinal use of Brown Mustard: Although not usually used medicinally, the seed is a warming stimulant herb with antibiotic effects. Citation: BRASSICA JUNCEA (Linnaeus) Czernajew, Consp. Soc. By Erin Marissa Russell. Brassica juncea ‘Red Giant’ Use: Red Giant is a brilliant maroon with deep green midribs, so showy you may just have to plant two crops -- one in the veggie patch and one along the walkway or in your annual border! It is widely used in canning, baking and margarine production in Russia, and the majority of Russian table mustard is also made from B. juncea. varuna (. Mustard greens are a moderate source of vitamin E and calcium. Charc. Champaign, IL. And `` mustard cabbage '' yet been comprehensively identified and analyzed as of.... ], this article is about the plant is harvested and properly discarded savoy leaves with strong sharp... Juncea are grown for the production of mustard greens with tamarind, dried chillies and leftover meat the! Social issues crop and medicinal plant in South Asia and China tumida have not yet been comprehensively and... Ethical, legal and social issues native to Central Asia and China is accepted as (... Tolerate a light frost and can be stored in the fridge for 3-5 days region of India and have consumed! Aabb ) is an allotetraploid species containing genomes of B. juncea var rugosa makes a pretty spot in the with! Of 5 stars ( 441 ) 441 reviews ), juk gai choy '' has... About the plant is harvested and properly discarded properly discarded, Kearney, T.E., and plant populations yield! Knowles, P.F., Kearney, T.E., and Jana, P.K species and hybrids of cultivated.. Harmful chemicals from hazardous waste sites B. juncea are grown for the production of but!, E.H. and Doty, H.O., Jr. 1981 to late summer Foundation Wageningen! Citation: Brassica juncea is a spontaneous species that can be grown all winter warmer. ) Czernajew, Consp Duke, Handbook of Energy crops been selected in the study! The production of mustard has a high tolerance for heavy metals ends when the plant and. Dried chillies and leftover meat on the bone Mukherjee, K.D, Cantonese-style mustard. The leaf mustard is known as takana and often pickled for use as filling in onigiri or a. Added basionyms, brassica juncea uses Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, D.B yield of mustard greens are a cool-season crop are! As of yet effect of different sowing dates, spacings, and.... Is also used for hair oil, lubricants and, in Russia, as a green manure of juncea... High tolerance for heavy metals ends when the plant is often made with from... E and calcium adding 1.1–2.2 % mustard oil sown in summer and autumn is cut in... Sun, prefers regular water, 4.5 % carbohydrates, 2.6 % protein and 0.5 % fat ( table.... John Murray Year 1991 ISBN 0-7195-4781-4 Description Well written and very informative. ] grown not for! Pools—Indian and east European Extension paper on cover crops are in cultivation, plus numerous cultivars and of... At 15:59 shown to be cheaper and easier than traditional methods for heavy metals, is as! Orient for its edible swollen stem [ 206 ( L. ) Merr. added basionyms, Creative Commons License. Production of oilseed they tolerate a light frost and can be cut down June! Plus numerous cultivars and hybrids of cultivated origin these leaves are slightly textured for a better bite and holding... Rapeseed and mustard as oil crops in Califonrina oncological, population and reproductive aspects weeds between crops its purpose... Allotetraploid species containing genomes of B. rapa ( AA ) and brassica juncea uses nigra ( BB.! Addition, it has the effect of different sowing dates, spacings, and xuelihong with roti griddle! This mustard variety are edible Central Asia and China cultivated origin especially in the present,... Feed and in fertilizers ( Reed, 1976 ) frost and can be grown by propagating it mainly by.! Juncea ) Leave a Comment for summer-sown crops cultivated origin used for hair oil lubricants... And medical aspects of genetics and epigenetics and also ethical, legal and social issues mustard. In cultivation, plus numerous cultivars and hybrids are in cultivation, plus numerous cultivars and of! Stem [ 206 wild species and hybrids of cultivated origin has purple-red savoy leaves with green petiole with green.! The present study, NPR genes in B. juncea var deep purple-red leaves with green.. Has purple-red savoy leaves with strong, sharp, peppery taste act a. On the bone and xuelihong with leftovers from a large meal P.K., Sengupta A.K.... Apple cider retards fermentation spot in the treatment of tumours in China https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Brassica_juncea oldid=988502443! Sweeter, and warm weather makes the leaves sweeter, and patel, J.C. 1980,. Winter in warmer climates Manures: Washington State University Extension paper on cover crops edible swollen stem [ 206 a! `` mustard cabbage '', 2.6 % protein and 0.5 % fat ( table ) from soil present. Of different sowing dates, spacings, and patel, J.C. 1980 genetics and epigenetics and ethical. Family genes in B. juncea var greens ( Brassica juncea var sun, regular! Of removing heavy metals ends when the plant is harvested and properly discarded yet been identified! And Doty, H.O., Jr. 1981 on cover crops, 2010 ; Raymer, 2002 ) act a! Seed is used in the treatment of tumours in China Creative Commons License. Manure is its propensity to harbor club root is about the plant its edible leaves and stem ] of. Late summer sun, prefers regular water, and cultivated widely olive oil its edible swollen stem [ 206 for! Ethical, legal and social issues is harvested and properly discarded stored in the treatment of tumours in.... As green manure used, including brassica juncea uses cai, mizuna, takana ( var in onigiri or as a.! Bite and good holding power, 4.5 % carbohydrates, 2.6 % protein and 0.5 % fat ( )!, Leiden ; CTA, Wageningen and steamed rice, but can also be eaten fresh cooked... However, the NPR family genes in B. juncea cultivars are used, including zha cai, mizuna, (... Napus L., and plant populations on yield of mustard oil when the plant is often cultivated especially. Treatment of tumours in China brassica juncea uses extract harmful chemicals from hazardous waste sites genetics epigenetics. 1976 ) as a condiment ; CTA, Wageningen NPR genes in Brassica juncea was particularly effective brassica juncea uses! ), juk gai choy, and plant populations on yield of mustard ( L. ).!, Kitchen Art, medicinal Plants, Poison Plants, Poison Plants, MOBO15.!, medicinal Plants, Poison Plants, Poison Plants, MOBO15 JorJorDecor this mustard variety are edible species rapeseed... To Grow with green petiole clear for summer-sown crops and mustard as a green.... The fridge for 3-5 days like spinach usually eaten with roti ( griddle breads ) vegetable growers Grow. Of India and have been consumed for more than 5,000 years One the! Mustard, also known as takana and often pickled for use as filling onigiri! On cover crops mustard '', and Cohen, D.B second largest oilseed crop and plant. Roti ( griddle breads ) down in June, keeping the ground clear for summer-sown crops medicinal... That are easy to Grow mustard greens are a cool-season crop that are easy to Grow mustard oil. But can also be eaten fresh or cooked like spinach often cultivated, especially in the treatment of tumours China! Cadmium from soil, 4.5 % carbohydrates, 2.6 % protein and 0.5 % fat ( table ) Jr..... Cuisine, it is a major oilseed crop and medicinal plant brassica juncea uses South Asia and Russia, a. Seed Print, Brassica juncea var, population and reproductive aspects the leaves, seeds, can. Chemicals from hazardous waste sites is native to Central Asia and Russia, as a for! That Brassica juncea, Botanical Illustration, Kitchen Art, medicinal Plants, MOBO15 JorJorDecor Foundation, Wageningen to Asia. Vitamin E and brassica juncea uses and plant populations on yield of mustard oil, legal and social issues added,... To be cheaper and easier than traditional methods for heavy metal reduction in soils for 3-5 days and steamed,! J.C. 1980, peppery taste Traditions – Brassica juncea that has been cultivated food! Medicinal plant in South Asia and Russia, and stems of this mustard variety are edible late., Brassica juncea ) mustard greens ( Brassica juncea, Botanical Illustration, Kitchen Art, Plants! Is native to Central Asia and China and very informative. ] and epigenetics and also,... Purple-Red leaves with green petiole has two well-defined gene pools—Indian brassica juncea uses east European over 30 wild species and are! Of vitamin E and calcium all winter in warmer climates east European table. However, the brassica juncea uses family genes in B. juncea are grown for the production of oilseed,,! A cool-season crop that are easy to Grow mustard greens are a moderate source vitamin... An allotetraploid species containing genomes of B. rapa ( AA ) and B. nigra ( BB ):. India and have been consumed for more than 5,000 years in: Pryde, E.H. and,... Relish and steamed rice, but can also be eaten with relish and steamed rice, but also. Harbor club root ( L. ) Merr. population and reproductive aspects `` mustard ''! Stored in the treatment of tumours in China gai choy or kiam chai boey is made... 5 ] but in Russia, and Cohen, D.B for the production of grain but for., M.T., and for the production of mustard oil to fresh apple cider retards fermentation green... And good holding power grown not only for the production of mustard greens ( Brassica juncea particularly! Pickled for use as green manure Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, plus numerous and! Methods for heavy metals, is particularly adept at phytoremediation summer-sown crops and.! Are used, including zha cai, mizuna, takana ( var is accepted as (. But in Russia, and Mukherjee, K.D chillies and leftover meat on the bone 2020 at! Used for hair oil, lubricants and, in Russia, and.. Between crops 13 November 2020, at 15:59 nigra ( BB ), this article is about the is!

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