uk history facts

10 Dec uk history facts

Edward died in 1910, to be succeeded by George V, who reigned 1910–36. The leaders decided to act fast to keep up the momentum of the 1945 electoral landslide. There are lots of fun facts about England due to its long history which has thrown up lots of strange anomalies and rather strange ways of doing things, or traditions. When the need arose for soldiers it hired mercenaries or financed allies who fielded armies. The British people, who depended heavily on American food imports, generally favoured the United States. The young men who governed Britain in 1914 were the same old men who governed Britain in 1939.[136][137]. : A New History of the Labour Party, http://www.brunel.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/111284/Dave-Ellis,-Swinging-Realism-The-Strange-Case-of-To-Sir,-With-Love-and-Up-the-Junction.pdf, http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:xun775fux, Speak for Britain! The Boer War demonstrated that Britain was not loved around the world—it had more enemies than friends and its policy of "splendid isolation" was one of high risk. As a result of wage rises, consumer spending also increased by about 20% during this same period, while economic growth remained at about 3%. ", M. G. Brock, "Politics at the Accession of Queen Victoria", Peter Fraser, "The Liberal Unionist Alliance: Chamberlain, Hartington, and the Conservatives, 1886–1904.". [68], Meanwhile, the British sold arms to both sides, built blockade runners for a lucrative trade with the Confederacy, and surreptitiously allowed warships to be built for the Confederacy. Robert Walpole managed to wind it down with minimal political and economic damage, although some losers fled to exile or committed suicide.[14][15]. Germany acquired a number of colonies in Africa and the Pacific, but Chancellor Otto von Bismarck succeeded in achieving general peace through his balance of power strategy. They made Lord Grey prime minister 1830–1834, and the Reform Act 1832 became their signature measure. High Society in London, following the Queen, largely ostracized home rulers, and Liberal clubs were badly split. Instead it was the Conservatives who decried the inefficiency and mismanagement, and promised to reverse the takeover of steel and trucking.[205][206]. The North Sea lies to the east. During its first 100 years of operation, the focus of the British East India Company had been trade, not the building of an empire in India. However, the large antiwar element among Liberals, with David Lloyd George as spokesperson, would support the war to honour the 1839 treaty that guaranteed Belgian neutrality. [90][91], Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881), prime minister 1868 and 1874–80, remains an iconic hero of the Conservative Party. Scottish Constitution Minister Michael Russell criticised the white paper, calling it "flimsy" and stating that their proposed Referendum (Scotland) Bill, 2010, whose own white paper was to be published five days later, would be "more substantial". Food production was emphasised, in large part to free shipping for munitions. Thus, on January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom would become the first country to withdraw from the EU. Its MPs refused to take their seats at Westminster, instead choosing to sit in the First Dáil parliament in Dublin. The miners had rejected the owners' demands for longer hours and reduced pay in the face of falling prices. nevertheless, international route law required giving the crew and passengers an opportunity to get into their lifeboats. The course of the 700-foot (213-metre) contour, or of the boundary separating the older rocks of the north and west from the younger southeastern strata, provides a more accurate indication of the extent of the highlands. The cartoon realization of this life style Andy Capp began in 1957. The British budget in 1814 reached £66 million, including £10 million for the Navy, £40 million for the Army, £10 million for the Allies, and £38 million as interest on the national debt. Prime Ministers of the period included: William Pitt the Younger, Lord Grenville, Duke of Portland, Spencer Perceval, Lord Liverpool, George Canning, Lord Goderich, Duke of Wellington, Lord Grey, Lord Melbourne, and Sir Robert Peel. Scotland, occupying northern Great Britain, includes the Orkney and Shetland islands off the northern coast and the Hebrides off the northwestern coast. The capital is London, which is among the world’s leading commercial, financial, and cultural centres. [98] He was the moral compass of the Liberal Party and is famous for his oratory, his religiosity, his liberalism, his rivalry with Disraeli, and for his poor relations with the Queen. They were tolerated by the same courts that executed thousands of poor men and boys for lesser offenses. If you cover all of its history, the British Empire has invaded all but 22 countries in the world. It continued to lose control … The referendum resulted in Scotland voting by 55% to 45% to remain part of the United Kingdom. [139] Six northern, predominantly Protestant counties became Northern Ireland and have remained part of the United Kingdom ever since, despite demands of the Catholic minority to unite with the Republic of Ireland. Enlightenment. With his slow start and mobilization of national resources, H. H. Asquith had proven inadequate: he was more of a committee chairman, and he started so drink so heavily after midday that only his morning hours were effective. In military terms, it was clear that the Cardwell reforms had been inadequate. [218] For the young and unattached, there was, for the first time in decades, spare cash for leisure, clothes, and luxuries. [71], Ever since Britain had taken control of South Africa from the Netherlands in the Napoleonic Wars, it had run afoul of the Dutch settlers who further away and created two republics of their own. [10], George III (1760–1820) never visited Hanover, and spoke English as his first language. At one point it even seemed the Army might refuse orders dealing with Northern Ireland. By the end of the 1820s, along with a general economic recovery, many of these repressive laws were repealed and in 1828 new legislation guaranteed the civil rights of religious dissenters. Matthew, "Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)", D. W. Sylvester, "Robert Lowe and the 1870 Education Act. These common rock structures are breached by the narrow North Channel. [149][150] Meanwhile, giant palaces were built for the huge audiences that wanted to see Hollywood films. In October 1781 Lord Cornwallis surrendered his army at Yorktown, Virginia. [17], Hypocrisy became a major topic in English political history in the early 18th century. His governments, with little help from the king, presided over victory in the Napoleonic Wars, negotiated the peace settlement, and attempted to deal with the social and economic malaise that followed. It ranks just below Ireland and Finland. Forty-six thousand British troops, one-third of the total strength of the Army's land forces, were deployed to assist with the invasion of Iraq and thereafter British armed forces were responsible for security in southern Iraq. [54] The British intervened in 1827 on the side of the Greeks, who had been waging the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire since 1821. [18] In the political controversies using sermons, speeches, and pamphlet wars, both high churchmen and Nonconformists attacked their opponents as insincere and hypocritical, as well as dangerously zealous, in contrast to their own moderation. History. 1720-07-18 Gilbert White, English naturalist (Natural History and Antiquities of Selborn), born in Selborne, Hampshire (d. 1793) 1721-01-21 James Murray, British military officer, governor of Quebec (d. 1794) 1721-02-13 John Reid [Robertson], British Army General and composer (d. 1807) Historian Charles Mowat calls these two laws "Socialism by the back door", and notes how surprised politicians were when the costs to the Treasury soared during the high unemployment of 1921. The Bubble collapsed overnight, ruining many speculators. 1. The result of the referendum was in favour of the country leaving the EU with 51.9% of voters wanting to leave. Discover ancient people and places, and fascinating facts with our selection of games and activities. ", See Jeremy Black, "Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence?". [250] Within hours of the victory, Prime Minister David Cameron guaranteed that the UK government would not put any legal or political obstacles in the way of such a referendum. The first elections were held, and these bodies began to operate, in 1999. However the miners' strike of 1984–1985 sparked the end of most of the UK's coal mining. The word “England” comes from “Angle-land,” or land of the Angli, or Angles, a Viking tribe that came across the North Sea and settled in the east and north. Elites saw the movement as pathological, so the Chartists were unable to force serious constitutional debate. It weakened the veto power of Lords, blocked woman suffrage. Historian Arthur Marwick sees a radical transformation of British society resulting from the Great War, a deluge that swept away many old attitudes and brought in a more equalitarian society. [124], The stalemate required an endless supply of men and munitions. Employers typically were paternalistic, and generally recognized the trade unions. The purchase of officers' commissions was abolished, as was flogging in peacetime. [70], The rise of the German Empire after 1871 posed a new challenge, for it (along with the United States) threatened to take Britain's place as the world's foremost industrial power. The North Channel coast south of Torr Head, Northern Ireland. The weight of numbers, superior equipment, and often brutal tactics eventually brought about a British victory. Britain gained League of Nations mandates over Palestine, which had been partly promised as a homeland for Jewish settlers, and Iraq. Timeline of facts and information about British and English History for school projects - written especially for kids in easy to understand words. Causes included an end to the easy credit of the preceding years, reduction in consumption and substantial depreciation of sterling (which fell 25% against the euro between January 2008 and January 2009),[254] leading to increased import costs, notably of oil. It bought up the top talent, especially when Hollywood came to the fore in the 1920s and produced over 80 percent of the total world output. A campaign under Daniel O'Connell led to the concession of Catholic Emancipation in 1829, allowing Catholics to sit in Parliament. [77], When potato blight hit Ireland in 1846, much of the rural population was left without food. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [192] The Royal family played major symbolic roles in the war. The call to establish a general staff to control military operations had been shelved by the Duke of Cambridge, himself a royal with enormous authority. Conditions for housing worsened of course with the bombing, and clothing was in short supply. It was paid for by high taxes, by selling off assets, and by accepting large amounts of Lend Lease from the U.S. and Canada. Much of the prosperity was due to the increasing industrialization, especially in textiles and machinery, as well as to the worldwide network of trade and engineering that produce profits for British merchants and experts from across the globe. ", Timothy W. Guinnane and Ronald I. Miller. The land of the Queen, tea, the stiff upper lip and near unbearable politeness. Like the first, though, it was vetoed by de Gaulle. The Tories, who came to power in 1783, remained in power (with a short interruption) until 1830. [214] The rising affluence of the Fifties and Sixties was underpinned by sustained full employment and a dramatic rise in workers' wages. In addition, as noted by John Burnett. Vivid memories of the horrors and deaths of the World War made Britain and its leaders strongly inclined to pacifism in the interwar era. [176] The Conservative government had provided a nine-month subsidy in 1925 but that was not enough to turn around a sick industry. The procedure used was developed by Herbert Morrison, who as Lord President of the Council chaired the Committee on the Socialization of Industries. The word “Britain” is derived from the name of a Celtic tribe, the Brythons. The general strike itself was largely non-violent, but the miners' lockout continued and there was violence in Scotland. The capital, London, is situated on the tidal River Thames in southeastern England. All the major parties endorsed the principles and they were largely put into effect when peace returned.[200]. His Liberal party was increasingly pulled apart on the Irish issue. His reign saw several reforms: the poor law was updated, child labour restricted, slavery abolished in nearly all the British Empire, and, most important, the Reform Act 1832 refashioned the British electoral system.[51]. Despite this, the standard of living continued to improve as local councils built new houses to let to families rehoused from outdated slums, with up to date facilities including indoor toilets, bathrooms and electric lighting now being included in the new properties. Gladstone became a champion of Home Rule, but it caused a deep split in the Liberal Party. In the "Scramble for Africa", the boast was having the Union Jack flying from "Cairo to Cape Town." In 1955, 96% of manual labourers were entitled to two weeks’ holiday with pay, compared with 61% in 1951. The UK has been a leading member of the United Nations since its founding, as well as numerous other international organizations. The United Kingdom comprises the whole of the island of Great Britain—which contains England, Wales, and Scotland—as well as the northern portion of the island of Ireland. [8], George II (1727–1760) enhanced the stability of the constitutional system, with a government run by Sir Robert Walpole during the period 1730–42. [78][79] Millions more migrated to England, or to North America. [102] He was an idealist who insisted that government should take the lead in making society more efficient, more fair, and that the government should expand its role in society in order to extend liberty and toleration. Napoleon's plans to invade Britain failed due to the inferiority of his navy, and in 1805, Lord Nelson's fleet decisively defeated the French and Spanish at Trafalgar, which was the last significant naval action of the Napoleonic Wars. by Luke Lewis. There were still problem areas, such as occasional riots, especially those motivated by anti-Catholicism. [270] By 2019 Johnson was Prime Minister and pushed hard for an exit on 31 October 2019. Julian Hoppit, "The Myths of the South Sea Bubble". To the south of England and between the United Kingdom and France is the English Channel. Experts tried to remain optimistic. England, occupying most of southern Great Britain, includes the Isles of Scilly off the southwest coast and the Isle of Wight off the southern coast. [210] Those in traditionally poorly paid semi-skilled and unskilled occupations saw a particularly marked improvement in their wages and living standards. London’s transport system might be bigger than you think. Even more damage was done to the economies of France and its allies, which lost a useful trading partner. The outstanding political leaders of the 19th century included Palmerston, Disraeli, Gladstone, and Salisbury. In England and Wales 214,000 houses were built, and the Ministry of Health became largely a ministry of housing. Anthony Morris, "Haldane's army reforms 1906–8: the deception of the radicals. On 22 August 1770, James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia[33] while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific. [40][41][42], Napoleon also attempted economic warfare against Britain, especially in the Berlin Decree of 1806. Disraeli arranged for the British to purchase a major interest in the Suez Canal Company (in Ottoman-controlled Egypt). The Elector of Hanover became king as George I (1714–1727). Historian Clayton Roberts summarizes his new functions: Walpole was a master of the effective use of patronage, as were his two disciples who succeeded him as prime minister, Henry Pelham (1743–1754) and Pelham's brother the Duke of Newcastle (1754–1762). Joseph Chamberlain took a major element of upper-class supporters out of the Party and into a third party, the Liberal Unionists, which collaborated with and eventually merged into the Conservative party. (The American and Canadian aid did not have to be repaid, but there were also American loans that were repaid. [110] Robert Blake considers Salisbury "a great foreign minister, [but] essentially negative, indeed reactionary in home affairs". It forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France, and installed the Continental System in Europe. The new century was characterised by a feeling of great optimism. [111] Professor P.T. The postwar period also witnessed significant improvements in housing conditions. Omissions? Efforts to fight back were futile—the government set a quota for British made films, but it failed. [76], Part of the agreement which led to the Act of Union 1800 stipulated that the Penal Laws in Ireland were to be repealed and Catholic Emancipation granted. They humiliated Germany by forcing it to declare its guilt for starting the war, a policy that caused deep resentment in Germany and helped fuel reactions such as Nazism. He argued that the efforts of self-seeking entrepreneurs are the basis of emerging commercial and industrial society, a line of thought that influenced Adam Smith (1723–1790) and 19th-century Utilitarianism. Facts about British History 1: the Jacobite risings. ", Mark Knights, "Occasional conformity and the representation of dissent: hypocrisy, sincerity, moderation and zeal. The exploitation of North Sea gas and oil brought in substantial tax and export revenues to aid the new economic boom. 1. All people should be treated equally, right? "Occasional conformity" was restored by the Whigs when they returned to power in 1719. Clashes escalated out of control as the army could barely contain the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Ulster Defence Association. All British forces were withdrawn in 2010.[243]. Although much romanticized by the Left, the Jarrow Crusade marked a deep split in the Labour Party and resulted in no government action. The British, led by Robert Clive, defeated the French and their Indian allies in the Battle of Plassey, leaving the Company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India. [226] In 1987, only 35% of 16- to 18-year-olds were in full-time education or training, compared with 80% in the United States, 77% in Japan, 69% in France, and 49% in the United Kingdom. [211] Between 1964 and 1968, the percentage of households with a television set rose from 80.5% to 85.5%, a washing machine from 54% to 63%, a refrigerator from 35% to 55%, a car from 38% to 49%, a telephone from 21.5% to 28%, and central heating from 13% to 23%.[212]. In 1922, Catholic Ireland seceded to become the Irish Free State; a day later, Northern Ireland seceded from the Free State and returned to the United Kingdom. However Tory and radical critics accused the Whigs of hypocrisy—alleging they were deliberately using the slogans of reform and democracy to boost themselves into power while preserving their precious aristocratic exclusiveness. [48] Techniques of repression included the suspension of Habeas Corpus in 1817 (allowing the government to arrest and hold suspects without cause or trial). [153][154] Cricket reflected the Imperial spirit throughout the Empire (except Canada). In the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the U.S. joined Britain as the main Allied powers. The surprising result on the night was a clear victory by the Conservative Party: with 37% of the popular vote, they won a narrow overall majority in parliament with 331 of the 650 seats. [155], As literacy and leisure time expanded after 1900, reading became a popular pastime. There was a revival of creativity in the 1933–45 era, especially with the arrival of Jewish filmmakers and actors fleeing the Nazis. As a result British culture, and its technological, political, constitutional, and linguistic influence, became worldwide. Middle-class reformers did their best to assist the working classes aspire to middle-class norms of 'respectability. To defeat the guerrillas, the British rounded up their women and children into concentration camps, where many died of disease. Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at age 18. 1. Mitchell defends the Whigs, pointing out that thanks to them radicals always had friends at the centre of the political elite, and thus did not feel as marginalised as in most of Europe. UK Facts for … The aristocracy continued to dominate the government, the Army and Royal Navy, and high society. [88] He became controversial at the time, and remains so today, for his aggressive bullying and his "liberal interventionist" policies. He understood the overseas Empire better than any of his prime ministers and used his exceptional memory for figures and details, whether of uniforms, politics, or relations, to good effect in reaching out in conversation with his subjects.[118]. Ross McKibbin argues that the political party system of the Edwardian era was in delicate balance on the eve of the war in 1914. Updates? Conservatives castigated every radical opinion in Britain as "Jacobin" (in reference to the leaders of the Terror), warning that radicalism threatened an upheaval of British society. The success of the government in providing new services, such as hospitals and school lunches, as well as egalitarian spirit, contributed to widespread support for an enlarged welfare state. Britain had never experienced the boom that had characterized the US, Germany, Canada and Australia in the 1920s, so its bust appeared less severe. Floud, Roderick, Jane Humphries, and Paul Johnson, eds. [143] Organized leisure was primarily a male activity, with middle-class women allowed in at the margins. In 1878, faced with Russian victories against the Ottomans, he worked at the Congress of Berlin to maintain peace in the Balkans and made terms favourable to Britain which weakened Russia, its longstanding enemy. British merchants smuggled in many goods and the Continental System was not a powerful weapon of economic war. [173], During the war, trade unions were encouraged and their membership grew from 4.1 million in 1914 to 6.5 million in 1918. Thousands of years ago, Great Britain was joined to Europe and was covered with ice. The sociological basis was non-Anglican religion and non-English ethnicity rather than the emerging class conflict emphasized by Labour. There also remained a strong economic divide between the north and south of England during this period, with the south of England and the Midlands fairly prosperous by the Thirties, while parts of south Wales and the industrial north of England became known as "distressed areas" due to particularly high rates of unemployment and poverty. It was not designed to modernise old industries, make them efficient, or transform their organisational structure. [266] David Cameron resigned from Parliament on 13 July, with Theresa May becoming Prime Minister. [29] The Americans readied their large militias, but were short of gunpowder and artillery. Joseph Chamberlain formed the breakaway Liberal Unionist Party that refused to consider Home Rule for Ireland and became allied with the Conservatives. The "second war of independence" for the American, it was little noticed in Britain, where all attention was focused on the struggle with France. [215] As noted by Harriet Wilson. In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees, which brought into effect the Continental System. 30 Facts About the UK London has four UNESCO world heritage sites:Tower of London, Maritime Greenwich, Westminster Palace which includes Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret’s Church as well as Kew’s Royal Botanic Gardens. Nancy W. Ellenberger, "Salisbury" in David Loades, ed. During the American Civil War (1861–1865), British leaders personally disliked American republicanism and favoured the more aristocratic Confederacy, as it had been a major source of cotton for textile mills. The Victorian era saw the fleshing out of the second British Empire. The archipelago formed by Great Britain and the numerous smaller islands is as irregular in shape as it is diverse in geology and landscape. [21] Meanwhile, a steady stream of observers from the Continent commented on the English political culture. Find fascinating history facts from around the globe, from ancient civilisations like Ancient Egypt and incredible kingdoms to lost cities and gruesome legends — perfect for young historians like you!. Exciting new technologies such as steam ships, railways, photography, and telegraphs appeared, making the world much faster-paced. 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[227] There also remained gaps between manual and non-manual workers in areas such as fringe benefits and wage levels. Reforms in industrial conditions were set by Parliament. The government purchased the slaves for £20,000,000 (the money went to rich plantation owners who mostly lived in England), and freed the slaves, especially those in the Caribbean sugar islands.[57]. With Western Europe but they were free coast of England 's upper,... Ben Smith Act 1711 condition became critical and reduced pay in the Caribbean and North.... Common rock structures of Scotland merged the two kingdoms into a single parliament of Britain... For years over control of the national income per Head had doubled, while %! The land border with the bombing, and gas be repaid, but these hopes were unfulfilled, unions! That wanted to see hollywood films to war to safeguard Belgium 's neutrality under the administration Lord. Not designed to modernise old industries, make them efficient, or to the of. 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