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After the initial attack the Norse left to go north, leaving Kings Ælle and Osberht to recapture the city. 866; died 21 March 867) was King of Northumbria, a kingdom in medieval England, during the middle of the 9th century. Under his reign the Isle of Man and the lands of Gwynedd in Northern Wales were incorporated into Northumbria. He survived one assassination attempt early in his rule, but fell victim to another assassin at the age of nineteen. [79] King Oswald moved the bishopric from York to Lindisfarne. Cynewulf, prolific author of The Fates of the Apostles, Juliana, Elene, and Christ II, is believed to have been either Northumbrian or Mercian. [25] In his Life and Miracles of St. Cuthbert, Bede declares that Aldfrith, known as Fland among the Irish, was illegitimate and therefore unfit to rule. The Mystery of the Last Scandinavian King of York". "[12], According to Ragnarssona þáttr, the army that seized York in 866 was led by Hvitserk, Björn Ironside, Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, Ivar the Boneless and Ubba, sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, who avenged his death by subjecting Ælla to the blood eagle. [37] The political landscape of the area north of the Tees during the Viking conquest of Northumbria consisted of the Community of St. Cuthbert and the remnants of the English Northumbrian elites. These are the English, British, Irish, Pictish, as well as the Latin languages". [83] His successor, Abbot Ceolfrith, continued to add to the library until by one estimate the library at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow had over two hundred volumes. [54] During his reign, he presided over the Synod of Whitby, an attempt to reconcile religious differences between Roman and Celtic Catholicism, in which he eventually backed the Roman beliefs. Biscop became the first abbot of the monastery, and travelled to Rome six times to buy books for the library. [30] In Northumbria, the Norse established the Kingdom of York whose boundaries were roughly the River Tees and the Humber, giving it approximately the same dimensions as Deira. This was due to the settlements of the Norse in the north and east of England, an area that became the Danelaw. Ælla was played by Frank Thring in the film The Vikings (1958) as the main antagonist. The battle was fought between Oswald of Northumbria and King Cadwallon of Wales. Oswald (Old English pronunciation: [ˈoːz.wɑɫd]; c 604 – 5 August 641/642) was King of Northumbria from 634 until his death, and is venerated as a saint, of whom there was a particular cult in the Middle Ages.. Oswald was the son of Æthelfrith of Bernicia and came to rule after spending a period in exile.After defeating the British ruler Cadwallon ap Cadfan, Oswald brought the two Northumbrian kingdoms of … After the English of Wessex absorbed the Danish-ruled territories in the southern part of the former kingdom, Scots invasions reduced the rump Northumbria to an earldom stretching from the Tees to the Tweed. According to these chronicles, Viking raids began to affect Northumbria when a band attacked Lindisfarne in 793. [85] By the late eighth century, the school had a noteworthy library, estimated at about one hundred volumes. [55] Oswiu died from illness in 670 and divided Deira and Bernicia between two of his sons. The Battle of the Winwaed ... Oswiu, who was Oswald's brother but had succeeded him only in Bernicia, the northern part of Northumbria, was besieged by Penda's forces at a place called Urbs Iudeu (which has been identified, perhaps dubiously, with Stirling) in the north of his kingdom. "[105] His sole surviving work is Cædmon's Hymn. Though a relatively large amount of historical material has survived from early Northumbria, little of it refers to its south-western extremity. Today, Northumbria usually refers to a smaller region corresponding to the counties of Northumberland, County Durham and Tyne and Wear in North East England. The devastating Viking raid on Lindisfarne in 793 marked the beginning of a century of Viking invasions that severely limited the production and survival of Anglo-Saxon material culture. [6] Much of the evidence for them comes from regional names that are British rather than Anglo-Saxon in origin. Sources on Northumbrian history in this period are limited, and so Ælla's ancestry is not known and the dating of the beginning of his reign is questionable. Later royal coinage bears the name of King Eadberht (738–758), as well as his brother, archbishop Ecgbert of York. The historical invasion of Northumbria in 866 occurred in retaliation for Ragnar's execution, according to Ragnarssona þáttr (The Tale of Ragnar's Sons). [19], Information on the early royal genealogies for Bernicia and Deira comes from Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People and Welsh chronicler Nennius’ Historia Brittonum. [citation needed]. For a discussion of this shift in identification, see Downham, Clare 2004 "Eric Bloodaxe – Axed? [95], The Irish monks brought with them an ancient Celtic decorative tradition of curvilinear forms of spirals, scrolls, and doubles curves. [22] The date of this supposed separation is unknown. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBede1983 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSturluson1911 (, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, "The First Battle for Scottish Independence: The Battle of Dunnichen, A.D. 685", "Record ID: YORYM-CEE620 – Early Medieval hoard", "Excerpta ex Migne Patrologia Latina: Latinum - Latino - Latin", "King Oswald's wooden Cross at Heavenfield in Context", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253937.001.0001, Lowlands-L, An e-mail discussion list for those who share an interest in the languages & cultures of the Lowlands, Visit Northumberland – The Official Visitor Site for Northumberland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Northumbria&oldid=993279238, States and territories disestablished in the 950s, States and territories established in the 650s, All articles with broken links to citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Old English (ca. The unity of the Northumbrian kingdoms was restored after Cadwallon's death in battle in 634. The Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria was originally two kingdoms divided approximately around the River Tees: Bernicia was to the north of the river and Deira to the south. The rule of kings continued in that area with Ecgberht I acting as regent around 867 and the kings Ricsige and Ecgberht II immediately following him. It was a significant event as it isolated the Britons of North Wales from those of Strathclyde and the Lothians, although that is not to say that the Britons were exterminated in the District of the Lakes. [69] Ecclesiastical influence in the royal court was not an unusual phenomenon in Northumbria, and usually was most visible during the rule of a young or inexperienced king. 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