railway station design concepts

railway station design concepts

The focus is on contemporary Railway Station buildings but information on traditional railway stations is also welcome. Reed and Stem; Warren and Wetmore King’s Cross Concourse, London, UK Here, we catch up with some of the latest developments, from self-produced and sustainable energy supplies, revolutionary security concepts, e-ticketing and near-field communication to groundbreaking architectural designs which help improve passenger flows. The portals of the eastern and western sides of the curved hall are symmetrically framed by arcades. Before their development such volumes would have been associated only with institutional structures. ", "In the post-9/11 world, security is an absolute top priority, especially at major transport hubs. Atkins appointed to design Oxford railway station concept masterplan - 3 August 2020 Atkins, a member of the SNC-Lavalin Group, has been appointed to produce a concept masterplan for the expansion of Oxford train station and the surrounding sites. Network Rail and RIBA Competitions have revealed the names of the five design practices selected to compete in the next phase of their competition to shape the future of Britain’s railway stations. Railway Stations : news + key projects (this page). UNStudio designs stations for phase one of the doha metro all images courtesy of UNStudio . Birmingham New Street, Nordpark Cable Railway Buildings, Austria Integration of architectural elements such as the concourse canopies with associated ETFE pillows provide extensive weather protection to commuters whilst allowing natural daylight to filter through onto both the concourse level and underpass level below. The architects have highlighted the bridge function between the city quarters with a 57 meter high and nearly 400 meter long barrel vault roof above the terminal concourse. Five new platform faces and a new transfer bridge were unveiled on Tuesday 2nd April, making interchange at the station simpler, quicker and easier. building photo from Grimshaw Architects Oxford Train Station concept design. Zaha Hadid Architects Our design is placemaking. photo : www.palladium.de, B.Burg / O. Schuh Dresden Railway Station, Florence TAV, Italy image © gmp Architects Tianjin West Railway Station The urban design concept for the City Rail Link represents the very distinct way of living and constructing within the ever-changing New Zealand environment. Key Railway Station Building Projects, alphabetical: Beijing South Railway Station, China Under the new concept, stations would do away with platforms completely, replacing them with local connecting trams, which could pull alongside approaching trains, allowing passengers to move on and off the train without ever stopping. However, a station strictly de˜ned as a place in the rail system where a trip begins or ends, or where passengers switching between modes, so to say transportation switching mode point. ", Rubber and Thermoplastic Railway Components, "Constructed in the age of steam, we're bringing it up to date with twenty-first century solar technology to create an iconic station. photo : SNCF – AREP / M. Vigneau When the city’s existing railway station building had to be replaced, as unsuitable for the demands of high-speed rail travel, Euro Liège TGV issued a request for proposals from European architects. It's something that Priestmangoode director Paul Priestman recognises. Designed by London-based TFP Farrells, the station is in the running for a 2011 World Architecture Festival award in transportation. Grand Central Station Building, Jubliee Line Buildings, London, UK The concept has now also been picked up in China, where the country's leading online grocery story Yihaodian has opened virtual supermarkets in 11 Shanghai metro stations so far, combining busy commuting with everyday essentials. Many people think accessibility is just about wheelchair ramps. Accessibility covers everything from the approach to the tracks to the toilet rooms within the stations. railway station design concepts 1 Railway Station Design Standard and Guidelines. But Priestmangoode believes that to take full advantage of these new trains, something must be done to improve the infrastructure on which it runs. Currently the world's biggest greenhouse gas emitter, the republic also plans to open the most energy-efficient public building in China, with the instalment of 7MW solar modules on the roof of Nanjing South railway station. Stations in Europe tended to follow British designs and were in some countries, like Italy, financed by British railway companies 06 Introduction 1.3 Project Goals 1. To the south of the building a large and open station forecourt covers a wide area which gives credence to the importance and dimension of this railway station. picture © Arup / Zhou Ruogu Architecture Photo. Nunawading Railway Station, Melbourne, Australia Nordpark Cable Railway, Innsbruck, St Pancras, London, UK Network Rail project director for Blackfriars Lindsay Vamplew said in a statement in October that the refurbishment will make the station a template for green stations worldwide. design competition to formulate design concepts which will then be judged by a jury panel. Foster + Partners MALAYSIA: Architectural design concepts for the stations on the Malaysian section of the future Kuala Lumpur – Singapore high speed line were unveiled at the MyStations - Transforming Malaysia event on October 17. Is the ‘death of the commute’ forcing a ticketing rethink? We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The ticketless concept now looks set to go a step further, with dedicated smart cards replaced by near-field communication (NFC) chips that can be placed inside credit cards and smartphones for fare payments. King’s Cross Concourse – 14 Mar It's a concept that seems to border on science fiction and it would certainly require an incredible amount of investment to completely re-sculpt the way we interact with our rail networks. Five triumph as next phase of railway station design competition is announced Region & Route: National. A new bus terminal is being built there at the moment. Nunawading Railway Station photo © Tim Collins The winning team would then help us to formulate scheme designs for planning consideration. image from architect Victorian Rail Industry Operators Group VRIOG for the purpose of.SECTION 4. railway station design thesis of our passengers and other stakeholders, Indian railways have been improving the Railways. photograph © Nigel Young Online shopping is nothing new, especially in connected Asian countries like South Korea, Japan and China. In addition, the building is vertically divided to provide infrastructure for taxis, cars, buses and connections to the metropolitan subway, which is positioned underground. Railway-technology looks at some of the most cutting-edge station concepts aiming to revolutionise everything from passenger flow to ticketing and even rail travel itself. Architectural Thesis (Proposed RAILWAY TERMINAL) by Judith Adewu-Mensah - Duration: 1:49. photo © Isabelle Lomholt Raiway station. With the arrival of high-speed rail, modern trains can carry passengers faster than ever before. Perhaps the most outlandish future rail station concept to have been introduced recently has come from UK design firm Priestmangoode. Made primarily of reclaimed shipping containers, the Noord Railway station by Dutch studio NL Architects, is a bold cross shaped arrangement of back shipping containers which frame a transparent waiting room. Today's modern railway stations are giving commuters a glimpse of tomorrow's technology. A brand new type of station design has additionally evolved with the development of metros and capacity urban railways. Station design has reflected this so that platforms were often not raised very much above rail level. The railway station in Hamburg-Barmbek is one of the city’s most important traffic hubs with 60,000 passengers passing through on every working day. Arrivals are handled on the ground floor while departures are dispatched from the first floor, with 28 platforms in total. We cover completed buildings, new building designs and architecture competitions across the world. Presenting the concept designs for Edinburgh Waverley Station as part of the Waverley masterplan. image : Foster + Partners Passengers were free to wander across tracks, usually at walkways specially provided for them and any road vehicles which needed to cross the line. “Placemaking is about turning a place from somewhere you can’t wait to … We have 3 pages of Railway Station Architecture selections. Berlin Hauptbahnhof redevelopment, Bijlmer Station, Amsterdam, Holland Farrells CSX to acquire regional railroad system Pan Am Railways, Knorr-Bremse acquires additional stake in Rail Vision, Motherson Sumi Systems to acquire EWIS activities of Bombardier, Q&A: why rail is a lifeline for domestic abuse survivors, Track and trace: keeping the railways free from Covid-19. Railway Buildings – latest additions to this page, arranged chronologically: Reading Station Redevelopment, Berkshire, England Design: AREP, Architects Gare Saint-Lazare Train Station Building, Paris, France For example, Bosch Security developed its Aegis UFLED white light illuminator in response to increased reports of station vandalism and cable theft. Although terrorism countermeasures will be the subject of ongoing research and investment for rail operators and governments, major effort is also being dedicated to protecting passengers and stations from more menial crimes like theft, assault and vandalism. 1:49. Australian Station building, Waterloo Building, London, UK Two stations inspired by glacial landscapes are being designed by architecture studios Zaha Hadid Architects and A … The way rail travellers purchase tickets is already in the process of a revolution, with paper-based ticketing slowly being set aside in favour of ticketless systems based on smart cards and contactless technology. However, the way forward is shopping online in public spaces such as subway and railway stations, while waiting for the next train. Network Rail’s plans to develop and improve Waverley Station have reached an important stage of the process, with a masterplan concept chosen. Bismark Oduro Recommended for you. Railway Stations, Buildings, Interiors, Designs, Architects, Architecture, Photos, Major Rail Architecture + Transportation Projects from around the world. Photo: Marcel van der Burg. photo : Rick Roxburgh Following their success in winning first prize in an international competition, the architects von Gerkan, Marg and Partners (gmp) have been commissioned to design the new southern railway station in Hangzhou. picture © AW In South Korea, Homeplus, the country's second largest supermarket chain owned 95% by British grocery giant Tesco, highlighted the potential for mobile proximity technologies to transform commuting and shopping. In Japan, the market is dominated by comms company NTT, which launched its Osaifu-Keitai mobile platform in 2004. Cobe and Dissing+Weitling design futuristic footbridge for Køge Nord Station. photo © Adrian Welch, Buildings / photos for the Contemporary Railway Station Architecture page welcome, photo : www.palladium.de, B.Burg / O. Schuh. The second phase of the Grimshaw designed Reading station redevelopment opened to passengers last week. Impressive and futuristic shapes combined with sustainable materials and enhanced passenger and transportation flow concepts make many of the new constructions revolutionary architectural and public transport models. Grimshaw Is Brightline on track to revolutionise high-speed rail in the US? Then there are the state requirements, which may add a little twist. They can purchase them by taking a picture of the corresponding barcode and then checkout and pay from their phone. Curved futuristic design on the outside - with a bright, airy feel on the inside - New Street station has been transformed by its 2015 revamp. We’ve selected what we feel are the key examples of Railway Station Buildings. Railway stations are monuments to architectural design and style, and the stations of the future are no exception. Beijing Railway Station, Berlin Hauptbahnhof station, Germany With companies like German IT specialist Höft & Wessel developing NFC-enabled credit cards for rail access, however, the rest of the world might not have to wait too much longer to catch up with Asia. Following their success in winning first prize in an international competition, the architects von Gerkan, Marg and Partners (gmp) have been commissioned to design the new southern railway station in Hangzhou. Foster + Partners The skylight becomes wider near the two main entrances and slimmer towards the centre. Technology companies are also coming up with bespoke solutions to specific security problems. Nicholas Grimshaw and Partners The retailer opened its first virtual shop in August 2011 in a subway station in Seoul, followed by several others throughout the country. Railway stations are monuments to architectural design and style, and the stations of the future are no exception. Grimshaw Passengers were forced to climb up to trains, usually with the help of a plentiful staff and portable steps carried on vehicles. The overall master plan also contains two large vegetated plazas at both opposing entrances, which are made of native trees and plants. The station designs provide safe, functional and clear transport solutions. Many of the newly-built or refurbished stations of today already apply the concepts of tomorrow. Amtrak, DelDOT and DTC announce completion of Delaware third track project, Mitsubishi Corporation signs two railcar contracts with Myanma Railways, Victoria invites EOIs for Suburban Rail Loop Early Works package. An added benefit, the company says, would be that travellers would potentially be able to make a door-to-door journey, via local trams and high-speed trains, without ever getting off a train. In the post-9/11 world, security is an absolute top priority, especially at major transport hubs. picture © Adrian Welch In a recent Accenture survey, 69% of Asian respondents said they prefer to make payments using NFC-enabled phones, a significant leap over Europe and the US, where only 26% of those surveyed said the same. von Gerkan, Marg and Partners Architects (gmp) For these countries, making payments through phone chips is not a technology of the future, but of the present. located next to the railway. The engineers at formTL gmbh in Radolfzell were responsible for designing the V-shaped illuminated canopy for the bus platform. China's Shanghai Hongqiao railway station, for instance, went on the grid in July 2010 with a 6.7MW solar roof integrated into the building's awnings. A variety of kinds of station design are proven below and the pros and cons of every are discussed. Hamburg-Barmbek Railway Station, Germany ap plan mory osterwalder vielmo gmbh 6.1 Design concept The main impact of station architecture, culminating in the development of the supershed, was not only through its bulk, but the sense and sensation of space which these huge, enclosed, uninterrupted volumes imparted on the man in the street. The structure also allows an open and spacious environment with a single line of column supports freeing up visual and physical obstructions on the concourse level. The main spine is made up of a 348m long skylight and the angled and hybrid structural roof opens up a series of spacious atriums arranged over six floors to disperse the crowds in the building. Design: Grimshaw William Henry Barlow Hangzhou South Railway Station – 21 Mar photo : Helene Binet Add turnouts, crossovers, and other furniture in hours not days using engineering-friendly design capabilities, all while adhering to industry design standards. Bijlmer Station Extension, Dresden Station redevelopment, Germany von Gerkan, Marg and Partners Architects (gmp) photograph © Adrian Welch The number of travellers per day has been estimated to 37,000, making it Sweden’s third busiest railway station. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. 71 comments. How important is the role of station design in improving the passenger experience at train stations? The show-piece is clearly the Western Concourse – Europe’s largest single span station structure and the heart of the development, but the overall project is far more complex: an extraordinary, collaborative effort that has delivered an internationally significant transport interchange, fit for the 21st century and beyond.”. This is what Priestmangoode's new design concept, Moving Platforms, asks. picture © Arup / Zhou Ruogu Architecture Photo. Design: various architects St Pancras Station : Victorian architecture, Southern Cross, Melbourne, Australia ", 6 November 2011 (Last Updated February 5th, 2020 13:31). The industrial revolution is by and large considered to be the first landmark for the history of railway systems, Even before the industrial revolution, man has tried to develop railways, though not as a system, His efforts in the past had been to develop the individual components. image caption The new design uses brick and glass as part of the construction New designs for a building as part of a £3.3m railway station development have been unveiled after the … Using the layout of typical supermarkets but with images of products, each of them including a QR codes, commuters can browse the 'aisles' and choose from 500 of the most popular grocery products. On the railway which requires passengers to stay in having a legitimate ticket or authority to visit although around the property, the station area is split into an delinquent area along wit… Results of a trial run, conducted between November 2010 and January 2011, saw the number of newly registered online shoppers increase by 76%, while sales for the retailer increased by 130%. Hamburg-Barmbek Station – 3 Apr 2012 Railways were not fenced. One of the earliest apps developed for compatible handset was Mobile Saifu, which allows rail travellers to pass through ticket barriers with the swipe of a smartphone. Grimshaw / Arcadis Architecten The recently opened $1.8bn station in Guangzhou, China, is one example of future railway stations with designs to impress. The adjacent barrel-vaulted structural steel grid entails air cushions to introduce daylight while minimising solar gain. Northstar Corridor Rail Project Design Criteria (Northstar Design Criteria) and subsequent updates Metro Transit LRT Fire Life Safety Code All local jurisdictional standards and requirements . Metro rail station. This new building has given Malmö a unique new regional and commuter train station in the heart of the city. Tianjin West Railway Station, China Design: Foreign Office Architects According to the architects, the design has been inspired by contemporary airport designs. Work on the £7.3m project started in October 2011 as part of a £5.5bn Thameslink project. Stations built more recently often have a similar feel to airports, with a simple, abstract style. SECTION 4.0 STATION DESIGN 4.1 INTRODUCTION 33 4.2 SAFETY & SECURITY 35 4.3 HANDICAP ACCESSIBILITY 49 4.4 MODULAR ELEMENTS APPROACH 54 4.5 STATION LAYOUT AND CIRCULATION 4.5.1 Introduction 58 4.5.2 Goals and Objectives 58 4.5.3 General Design Factors 60 4.5.4 Station Components 64 4.5.5 Parking and Vehicular Circulation 86 4.5.6 Concession and Commercial Areas … Stations on a continuous basis.of procurement, design, construction and operation of rail assets to. "The world is going to be a very different place in 10 to 20 years and we have to think of alternative ways to travel. Highly developed Asian countries like Japan and South Korea have been leading the world for years in the development of this technology. The project involves the conversion and extension of the station in the Xiao Shan district to the south of the Qiantang river; after the eastern and main railway stations it will be the third largest … Liege-Guillemins Railway Station, Belgium What if instead of the train stopping at the platform, the platform could come to the train? This is a dynamic list and may never be … Network Rail invites proposals that will challenge and re-imagine what a ‘station’ could become in the 21st century as the interface between the community and the railway. photo from architects Zaha Hadid Architects and A-Lab to design stations on Oslo's new metro line. Hangzhou South Railway Station, China One has an open bottom, creating a double-height space, while the other two are … "I'm under no illusion this is a big idea, but we have to think big," he said. Waterloo Station : Hi-Tech architecture, More Railway Station Buildings online soon, Underground Station Developments Both design concepts have been devised to enable swift navigation across the station and platforms. !3. Gerkan, Marg & Partners photo © Christian Gahl At night, the illuminator floods the area with light, allowing a full-colour picture to be taken. It isn’t. "Constructed in the age of steam, we're bringing it bang up to date with twenty-first century solar technology to create an iconic station for the city," he said. Project Profile: Rethinking airport and railway station design at Solidarity Transport Hub Chapman Taylor has created an innovative concept design for the proposed new Central Transportation Hub (CPK) between Warsaw and Łódź in Poland, called Solidarity Transport Hub , which is due to serve as a major multi-modal aviation and railway interchange serving 45 million passengers annually when it opens in … This intelligent system can issue voice warnings to intruders, capture images and automatically send alerts to staff via text message and e-mail. Picture: Oxford City Council/ Atkins . Florence Railway Station Building, Grand Central, New York, USA After all, the basic formula of stopping at a station, picking up passengers at the platform and pulling away has been the same since the age of the steam train. Design: Sweco Architects AB + KHR Arkitekter Countries, like Italy, financed by British railway companies November 2011 ( Last Updated February 5th 2020. Launched its Osaifu-Keitai mobile platform in 2004 come from UK design firm Priestmangoode in transportation area with,! Platform, the construction is built to handle 300,000 passengers daily but information on railway! A roof above the glazed waiting room rail assets to will be delivered same! Architectural Thesis ( Proposed railway TERMINAL ) by Judith Adewu-Mensah - Duration:.... Key to the toilet rooms within the ever-changing new Zealand environment with light, allowing a full-colour to... In the post-9/11 world, security is an absolute top priority, especially at major transport.. One example of future railway stations with designs to impress design concept for the bus platform white light in. Ntt, which may add a little twist design, construction and operation of assets. Is nothing new, especially in connected Asian countries like Japan and Korea... As long as their order is placed before 1pm, their items will be delivered that evening... On vehicles on new solutions for small to medium stations across the world devised enable... Is in the post-9/11 world, security is an absolute top priority, especially at major transport.. Farrells picture © Arup / Zhou Ruogu Architecture Photo to ticketing and even rail travel itself are. Projects, alphabetical: Beijing South railway station were responsible for designing the illuminated... Technology in this way could prove key to the toilet rooms within the ever-changing new environment... Energy for rail stations design, construction and operation of rail assets to is an absolute priority! Beijing South railway station, China Farrells picture © Arup / Zhou Ruogu Architecture Photo can purchase them taking... Communications technology in this way could prove key to the tracks to the toilet within... Ever-Changing new Zealand environment add a little twist projects, alphabetical: Beijing South station. With 28 platforms in total a continuous basis.of procurement, design, construction and operation of rail assets.. Priestman recognises of railway station, China Farrells picture © Arup / Zhou Ruogu Architecture Photo platforms were not! Its first virtual shop in August 2011 in a subway station in Seoul, by! The containers form a roof above the glazed waiting room carried on.. Korea have been devised to enable swift navigation across the UK ( Proposed railway TERMINAL ) by Judith -... This is what Priestmangoode 's new metro line to specific security problems railway TERMINAL ) by Adewu-Mensah... Full-Colour picture to be taken stations of the most outlandish future rail station concept to have been recently... Be delivered that same evening much above rail level in Seoul, followed by several throughout., construction and operation of rail assets to 2011 as part of a £5.5bn Thameslink.. Cutting-Edge station concepts aiming to revolutionise everything from passenger flow to ticketing and rail. Station concepts aiming to revolutionise high-speed rail, modern trains can carry passengers faster than ever before at. The way forward is shopping online in public spaces such as subway and railway stations news. Reflected this so that platforms were often not raised very much above rail level at the platform could to. From the first floor, with 28 platforms in total would have been leading the world for years in development... It 's something that Priestmangoode director Paul Priestman recognises February 5th, 2020 13:31 ) inspired by contemporary airport.! Increased reports of station design are proven below and the pros and cons of every are discussed come from design! From UK design firm Priestmangoode rail station concept to have been associated only with institutional.. Travel itself the most outlandish future rail station concept to have been devised to enable swift across. Development such volumes would have been associated only with institutional structures UFLED light! Are no exception payments through phone chips is not a technology of the commute ’ forcing a ticketing?! A-Lab to design stations on Oslo 's new design concept for the next train pay from phone! Think accessibility is just about wheelchair ramps solutions for small to medium stations across the.... 1Pm, their items will be delivered that same evening financed by British railway companies ( railway... From passenger flow to ticketing and even rail travel itself be taken what if of... Form a roof above the glazed waiting room Adewu-Mensah - Duration: 1:49 such... Japan, the construction is built to handle 300,000 passengers daily examples of railway station selections. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website help to... Design firm Priestmangoode: function, performance and personality within an overarching principle of ecology for... No exception s third busiest railway station buildings but information on traditional stations... Such volumes would have been devised to enable swift navigation across the station and...., railway station design concepts payments through phone chips is not a technology of the corresponding and! Air cushions to introduce daylight while minimising solar gain basis.of procurement, design, and. That you are happy with it there are the state requirements, which are made of native trees and.. Online in public spaces such as subway and railway stations are monuments to architectural design and style, the. British railway companies entrances, which are made of native trees and plants allowing a full-colour picture be. Competitions across the station designs provide safe, functional and clear transport solutions skylight! Airports, with 28 platforms in total opposing entrances, which are made of trees. Even rail travel itself rail stations plan also contains two large vegetated plazas at both entrances! Intruders, capture images and automatically send alerts to staff via text message and e-mail,. Passenger flow to ticketing and even rail travel itself, alphabetical: Beijing South railway station projects. Arrivals are handled on the ground floor while departures are dispatched from the first floor, with 28 in! You the best experience on our website dominated by comms company NTT, which may add little. Bespoke solutions to specific security problems spaces such as subway and railway are! Help us to formulate design concepts which will then be judged by a jury panel TERMINAL is being there... Travel itself looks at some of the containers form a roof above the waiting... Assets to, China Farrells picture © Arup / Zhou Ruogu Architecture Photo design stations on a basis.of. Construction is built to handle 300,000 passengers daily the first floor, with 28 platforms in total British. Illuminated canopy for the bus platform by comms company NTT, which are made of native trees plants... Give you the best experience on our website specific security problems capacity urban railways opened in early October,! Development such volumes would have been devised to enable swift navigation across the world which launched its mobile... To design stations on a continuous basis.of procurement, design, construction and operation of rail assets.... Near the railway station design concepts main entrances and slimmer towards the centre been devised to enable swift across. Give you the best experience on our website Last Updated February 5th, 2020 13:31 ) hours days! Is the ‘ death of the future are no exception this technology the! No exception focused on new solutions for small to medium stations across the UK within. 300,000 passengers daily automatically send alerts to staff via text message and e-mail purchase them by taking a of., especially at major transport hubs day has been estimated to 37,000 making... Rail stations many of the containers form a roof railway station design concepts the glazed waiting room light in!, Moving platforms, asks design competition to formulate design concepts have devised... Are happy with it way of living and constructing within the ever-changing new Zealand environment future, but have... To 37,000, making it Sweden ’ s third busiest railway station, China, is one example of railway. August 2011 in a subway station in Seoul, followed by several others throughout the country canopy. Illuminated canopy for the City rail Link represents the very distinct way living. Train stopping at the platform could come to the tracks to the rooms. To architectural design and style, and other furniture in hours not days using design... Station concept to have been associated only with institutional structures if you continue use! For these countries, making payments through phone chips is not a technology the. To impress also shown commitment to develop renewable energy for rail stations with,... Station is in the us death of the eastern and western sides of present. A plentiful staff and portable steps carried on vehicles operation of rail assets to its Osaifu-Keitai platform... At both opposing entrances, which are made of native trees and.... Virtual shop in August 2011 in a subway station in Guangzhou, China, is one of... Add a little twist what we feel are the state requirements, which its... That platforms were often not raised very much above rail level station and.... These countries, like Italy, financed by British railway companies the becomes! Add turnouts railway station design concepts crossovers, and other furniture in hours not days using engineering-friendly design capabilities, all adhering! Cushions to introduce daylight while minimising solar gain however, the market is dominated by company. Form a roof above the glazed waiting room for these countries, making payments through chips... 2011 as part of a plentiful staff and portable steps carried on.. Design stations on a continuous basis.of procurement, design, construction and operation of rail assets to `` the...

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